Electron Microscope Essay Example For Students

Electron Microscope Essay The electron magnifying instrument, instrument that created the primary amplified picture demonstrating three-dimensional and exceptionally amplified picture of a little article. It coordinates a light emission as opposed to light through an example. The light emission is made from an electron weapon. This bar at that point goes through the length of the magnifying lens chamber, which contains the focal points, the example chamber, and the picture recording framework. Two kinds of electron focal points are utilized, electrostatic and electromagnetic. They make electric and electromagnetic fields to both concentrate and move the shaft. The electron magnifying instrument necessitates that the electron pillar be in a vacuum, since electrons can't go far in air at air pressure. Siphons void the section and example office of the electron magnifying lens. Living examples can't be inspected with an electron magnifying instrument, since they won't make due in a vacuum. The amplification in attractive electron magnifying instruments is dictated by the quality of the flow going through the electric and electromagnetic focal point loops. Changing the current through the target focal point curl centers the picture. In the optical magnifying lens the picture is controlled by ingestion of light by the example; in the electron magnifying instrument the picture results from a dispersing of electrons by molecules of the example. Since a molecule, with a high nuclear number, have a bigger number of electrons than a light iota, it seems darker. As the bar goes through an example, each little contrasts in the structure of the example causes a variety in the electron stream. The picture delivered is then anticipated onto a fluorescent screen or recorded on film. The electron magnifying lens, with its huge settling power, can amplify examples more than multiple times.

On The Sidewalk Bleeding Essay

On the Sidewalk Bleeding â€Å"On the Sidewalk Bleeding†, by Evan Hunter is an anecdote about a kid from a posse, getting killed in a dim back street, by individuals from the opponent pack. It is written as an outsider looking in omniscient perspective. The story centers around the subject of acknowledgment of one’s genuine personality. This topic is portrayed with the assistance of a few scholarly gadgets, for example, imagery, to make profundity in the importance of the story, astute utilization of incongruity and portrayal components, which make lucidity in the perusers mind about the characters musings and circumstance. Imagery assumes a significant job in featuring the character’s acknowledgment of his actual way of life as the purple coat, which is the principle image in the story, speaks to marks put on individuals in the public eye. A youthful couple sees Andy in torment and the kid surges towards him however before long denies him help. â€Å"He saw the lettering on the coat at that point. THE ROYALS.† shows the explanation the couple would not like to get included. The coat being an image of prejudgment, decides the manner in which society sees Andy. The name on the coat characterizes him to the passers by and the individual inside doesn't make a difference to them. The Royals being composed on the coat makes the couple reevaluate the outcomes of helping him. Rather than asking him his name or what had occurred, they make a judgment that Andy must be risk and inconvenience, in light of the pack name on his coat. The coat, the image of bias, prompts his passing. Directly before he passes on â€Å"It appeared to be essential to him that he remove the purple jacket.† At this point he understands that he is kicking the bucket and should be known for who he truly is, rather than for the name on his coat. He comes to acknowledge in his last minutes, that his actual personality is his own name. Thus he attempts to remove the mark, actually and allegorically, that society has given to him. The expulsion of the coat represents Andy’s want and endeavor to dispose of the cliché mark of The Royals and the partiality that it brings along. Be that as it may, changing society’s sentiment isn't simple for Andy. This is seen when â€Å"He lay battling with the sparkling jacket.† The meaning here is appeared by the word ‘struggle’. It shows that he can't take off the coat as effectively, on the grounds that he is injured. Anyway the line recommends that, despite the fact that Andy frantically attempts to dispose of people’sâ influenced, partial perspective on taking a gander at him, he can't do so without any problem. This suggests the author’s conclusion that society’s preferential suppositions can't be handily gotten away, and that discar ding the names one obtains through their life, is a deep rooted battle. The coat being the image for such names and partiality, evacuating it shows Andy’s acknowledgment of his actual personality, clarifying that he currently needs to be known for who he truly is, wiping out any impact that the coat may have. Tracker utilizes incongruity to accentuate the difference between the character’s acknowledgment of his actual personality and society’s view of the character. This is demonstrated when perusers discover that â€Å"He felt alone.† It is amusing that he feels forlorn when the purpose behind his homicide is that he has a place with a pack. Having a place with an enormous posse which was clearly an extraordinary piece of his life, but then being forlorn while enduring, proposes that Andy comes to understood that over the long haul, he should remain solitary, characterized by his own uniqueness. He understands that ‘The Royals’ was only a name given to the group and it ought not, in any capacity, impact people’s assessment of him as an individual. Another case of incongruity can be found toward the finish of the story when â€Å"He was exceptionally near passing on when they discovered him, he didn't need them to state, â€Å"Oh, it’s a R oyal.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Royal.† Andy’s last wish is to be perceived as ‘Andy’ and not as ‘a Royal’. The way that he is very nearly passing causes perusers to accept that he will be allowed his withering wish. Be that as it may, toward the finish of the story, when cops locate his dead body, they do precisely what he is apprehensive they will do. Andy battles in his misery, to take off the coat trying to take out its impact, however at long last incidentally, the cop gets it and alludes to him as â€Å"A Royal.† The cop totally overlooks the way that his name is Andy and rehashes the title as he records it, underlining on the unexpected thought of society ignoring Andy’s kicking the bucket endeavors to be known as a person. Emotional incongruity is introduced when it is said that, â€Å"The coat was a moronic pointless thing†. The coat is depicted as negligible when, unexpectedly, the coat conveys colossal importance to society as depicted in the story, being the sole explanation of his passing. Had he not been wearing the coat, he would not have been denied help and wouldn’t have been shot in any case. In this circumstance, the perusers comprehend a totally extraordinary meaning of the coat contrasted with the character’sâ understanding of its motivation. The coat represents the prejudgment in the public eye to the perusers, while it apparently conveys no significance to Andy. Such utilization of incongruity all through the story persuades the peruser of Andy’s battle to acknowledge and be perceived for his actual character. The portrayal components utilized in the story, concentrating on Andy’s dynamic character, feature the subject of acknowledgment of one’s genuine personality. â€Å"Even in his agony, there had been a type of pride in realizing he was a Royal. Presently there was no pride at all.† shows the change in Andy’s thinking, when being cut. He has consistently felt pleased about being a piece of The Royals and had never envisioned this. Because of being ambushed only for being in the group, he presently comprehended the essentialness of being known for his actual personality instead of as an individual from the posse and felt no pride in wearing the title of ‘The Royals’ any longer. His character apparently has changed altogether as he advances from being absent and glad for the title to being loaded up with lament and hopelessness. In â€Å"Wondered why the thunders and the hops and the purple coat has consistently appeared to be so essential to him previously. Presently they appeared as though such little things in a world he was missing.† perusers comprehend that not just has Andy changed his mentality towards the coat and the title, yet in addition his point of view of the world has changed. From the start he is so glad and taken up by the way that he is a piece of a renowned pack, that he neglects to acknowledge or even notification different things on the planet. In the wake of lying on the walkway, biting the dust, he understands that there is substantially more to life than posse fights and coats with titles. It is seen that had he lived, he would have changed the manner in which he lived. His character changes from a materialistic, pleased adolescent to a progressively develop, mindful and insightful individual, urgent to live. Andy comes to question the significance of his title, â€Å"He was a Royal. There had been importance to the title†¦ he pondered about the significance. On the off chance that he passed on he was Andy. He was not a Royal.† Initially the coat means the world to Andy. He specifies how euphoric he was the point at which The Royals acknowledged him. He currently comprehended that it was all finished and that the title was presently worth nothing. He needed to be known as Andy when his demise. He himself was pleased with being A Royal and perceived himself as one. Anyway as he bites the dust, he understands t hat he was something beyond ‘A Royal’ and needed everybody to realize that. He was not any more pleased or beguiled by theâ title and valued his actual personality, which was his name. Andy’s character changes from numerous points of view through the course of the story, the fundamental change being perceiving the significance of his singularity, as he comprehends the preference that exists against the groups in the public arena. The portrayal components assist perusers with seeing this dynamic character, giving a superior comprehension of Andy’s acknowledgment of his actual personality. The subject of acknowledgment of one’s genuine personality is effectively introduced using imagery, incongruity and portrayal components. The coat represents the prejudgment in the public eye, denoting its evacuation as a defining moment in Andy’s revelation of his distinction. Incongruity shows the difference between the character’s changing emotions and the truth. Portrayal components depict the character as a powerful character that changes radically as far as considerations, emotions and point of view, before the finish of the story. These abstract gadgets assist perusers with understanding the subject of acknowledgment of one’s genuine personality.

Queuing Analysis/Sustainability Coursework - 1100 Words

Queuing Analysis/Sustainability (Coursework Sample) Content: Queuing Analysis/SustainabilityStudent's Name:Institutional Affiliation:The European Economic and social community together with the EU aim of making products ensuring positive view of a complete ban on planned obsolescence in them. Thus, this enhances a future with more job opportunities, improved consumer protection that in turn leads to a sustainable development. The EESC is currently providing opinions and advices on product duration and consumer details to check business ways to achieve the obsolescence state. The products made are bulbs burning after a stipulated period, batteries that run out after some time or clothes falling out of trend.The products are made to seize functioning within two to three years immediately the consumer buys, and the guarantee expires. Environmentally, the replacement of the items tends to use more energy and resources generating more waste and harmful pollutants into the ecosystem.The effect too alters weather and climate of the ar ea extending to the whole world as shown in the diagram of EESC below.Therefore, the EESC had to chose Spain Industry for regional monitoring because its one among the Euro area economies which offers benchmark of a specific industrial policy.Accounting practices have to nearly play a vital role to facilitate companies formulate sophisticated and sustainable services that may come up with organized interlinking and recognition of the financially viable environmental and social profits and expenses of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ actions and plans (Fries Hopwood, 2010).The products are normally manufactured {change it to active voice} by companies outside Europe, where the employees are being paid low. According to Mr. Harber, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"EESCs Consultative commission on Industrial changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the more they make and repair from within is, the more there energy shall be needed and thus increase in pollution. However, obsolescence is never after shorter durability, but nature.Con sidering the case in the fashion industry, that is constructed around the consumer need for the latest and different styles but not lifespan of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s garments. However, turnover is rapidly trending, and new ways frequently designed to make the next person look ugly or old. Coming up with a genuine action, EESC plans to arrange the main European Round Table 2014 inclusive of all meaningful actors who will cover complete sectors with industry, supply, finance, consumer association and trade unions.They shall also ensure the event to be an open forum for EU citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ air out their views. The companies should stop generic defects within the products that terminate their durability as the EESC is ensuring. Mr. Libaert found out that, and he is advising the industries rather make good easier to repair products during distribution of replacement parts. On the other hand, consumers should be given the best details about a productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s duration. Hence, the committe e suggests an identifiable system that would guarantee minimum duration through extensive research done by companies.Producers too ought to cover the expense of recycling if their items have duration less than five years. By doing the labeling on consumers and engaging them in the government, regulation will boost their confidence towards technology. Considering the following diagram, as suggested by Yorgey (2008), it shows a summary of regulatory strategies was enacted.During authorization Post authorization * Environmental risk assessment * Monitoring requirements * Public release of information * Labeling * Identifiable genetic marker * Traceability * Consultation * Limited approvals Moreover, the economic development poses a great impact negatively to the environment since Europe usage of natural resources has increased for 50% over 30 years. Socially, drastic disposable of consumers wants, leads to buying of goods on credit thus many personal debts.Massive recycling tha t leads to pollution hampers public health. Both waste disposal and practice of exporting waste in EU greatly impacts water, submarines and thus public health in general. Unluckily, inbuilt defects erode consumer trust in firms. Importation of products with short lifetime is another problem in EU industries and so if done away with the challenges gives the companies courage to fight competition by perfectly including sustainability into practice. The role of EESC helps improve the courage in the European business though EESC according to Mr. Libaert has a need to drive EU towards an economic transition which is stable.The mode of transportation according to Keravnos Energy in industries is chargeable electric vehicles because it leads to both environmental free pollution Country and economic sustainability. They are also fast charging thus faster transportation minimizing delay and queuing. When consumer demand is low, the batteries can store energy and used when demand higher. T hus, the expense of not only host but also fast charging station is minimized. The National Air transport system together with EU has developed new advanced technology to the growing up economy (Gale, 1989).During pick period in, for example, the theory of queuing must be applied because in an economy recourses are limited and must be shared. For instance, the receiving dockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s arrival time is 7am to 3pm; averagely, number of arrivals each day being 28.That means unloaded tracks per hour are 4.2.Thus, for there to be a steadi... Queuing Analysis/Sustainability Coursework - 1100 Words Queuing Analysis/Sustainability (Coursework Sample) Content: Queuing Analysis/SustainabilityStudent's Name:Institutional Affiliation:The European Economic and social community together with the EU aim of making products ensuring positive view of a complete ban on planned obsolescence in them. Thus, this enhances a future with more job opportunities, improved consumer protection that in turn leads to a sustainable development. The EESC is currently providing opinions and advices on product duration and consumer details to check business ways to achieve the obsolescence state. The products made are bulbs burning after a stipulated period, batteries that run out after some time or clothes falling out of trend.The products are made to seize functioning within two to three years immediately the consumer buys, and the guarantee expires. Environmentally, the replacement of the items tends to use more energy and resources generating more waste and harmful pollutants into the ecosystem.The effect too alters weather and climate of the ar ea extending to the whole world as shown in the diagram of EESC below.Therefore, the EESC had to chose Spain Industry for regional monitoring because its one among the Euro area economies which offers benchmark of a specific industrial policy.Accounting practices have to nearly play a vital role to facilitate companies formulate sophisticated and sustainable services that may come up with organized interlinking and recognition of the financially viable environmental and social profits and expenses of the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ actions and plans (Fries Hopwood, 2010).The products are normally manufactured {change it to active voice} by companies outside Europe, where the employees are being paid low. According to Mr. Harber, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"EESCs Consultative commission on Industrial changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the more they make and repair from within is, the more there energy shall be needed and thus increase in pollution. However, obsolescence is never after shorter durability, but nature.Con sidering the case in the fashion industry, that is constructed around the consumer need for the latest and different styles but not lifespan of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s garments. However, turnover is rapidly trending, and new ways frequently designed to make the next person look ugly or old. Coming up with a genuine action, EESC plans to arrange the main European Round Table 2014 inclusive of all meaningful actors who will cover complete sectors with industry, supply, finance, consumer association and trade unions.They shall also ensure the event to be an open forum for EU citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ air out their views. The companies should stop generic defects within the products that terminate their durability as the EESC is ensuring. Mr. Libaert found out that, and he is advising the industries rather make good easier to repair products during distribution of replacement parts. On the other hand, consumers should be given the best details about a productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s duration. Hence, the committe e suggests an identifiable system that would guarantee minimum duration through extensive research done by companies.Producers too ought to cover the expense of recycling if their items have duration less than five years. By doing the labeling on consumers and engaging them in the government, regulation will boost their confidence towards technology. Considering the following diagram, as suggested by Yorgey (2008), it shows a summary of regulatory strategies was enacted.During authorization Post authorization * Environmental risk assessment * Monitoring requirements * Public release of information * Labeling * Identifiable genetic marker * Traceability * Consultation * Limited approvals Moreover, the economic development poses a great impact negatively to the environment since Europe usage of natural resources has increased for 50% over 30 years. Socially, drastic disposable of consumers wants, leads to buying of goods on credit thus many personal debts.Massive recycling tha t leads to pollution hampers public health. Both waste disposal and practice of exporting waste in EU greatly impacts water, submarines and thus public health in general. Unluckily, inbuilt defects erode consumer trust in firms. Importation of products with short lifetime is another problem in EU industries and so if done away with the challenges gives the companies courage to fight competition by perfectly including sustainability into practice. The role of EESC helps improve the courage in the European business though EESC according to Mr. Libaert has a need to drive EU towards an economic transition which is stable.The mode of transportation according to Keravnos Energy in industries is chargeable electric vehicles because it leads to both environmental free pollution Country and economic sustainability. They are also fast charging thus faster transportation minimizing delay and queuing. When consumer demand is low, the batteries can store energy and used when demand higher. T hus, the expense of not only host but also fast charging station is minimized. The National Air transport system together with EU has developed new advanced technology to the growing up economy (Gale, 1989).During pick period in, for example, the theory of queuing must be applied because in an economy recourses are limited and must be shared. For instance, the receiving dockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s arrival time is 7am to 3pm; averagely, number of arrivals each day being 28.That means unloaded tracks per hour are 4.2.Thus, for there to be a steadi...

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam Essay - 481 Words

Ho Chi Minh, Politics, and North Vietnam North Vietnam, September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France. Ho Chi Minhs Independence Day was marked with a new constitution and a new name, The Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Hos speech on the day of Vietnamese Independence was one of freedom, freedom against French domination. Inspiration of Hos speech was one from American history and history has a tendency to repeat itself. Like the very past of America and Europe, French rule did not grant Vietnamese Independence and war broke out. Ho grew up knowing at the young age of fifteen that the French were only in Vietnam to attack Indo-china once power was established, even though he was still young he told students†¦show more content†¦In knowing this Ho talked with Communists on Marx Mountain and discussed a campaign to make Vietnam independent. Upon conversing with the Marxist Communists, Ho started to trust the politics which prevailed many third world countries of that era. Even with nine days spend on-top the Marx Mountain and strategies discussed many problems still awaited Ho. The neighboring country China was soon to throw a wrench in Hos plan, they arrested him on the charge of being a French spy. After being moved around from prison to prison in China it was rumored that Ho Chi Minh had died. This was not so, he was set free by the Chinese government under the condition that he and his Vietnamese followers would help in the war against Japan. Once Japan was defeated with the help of America Ho Chi Minh was made Supreme Political Advisor, he now controlled what he had always wanted, all of Vietnam. With the American constitution as a reference point Ho gave his famous speech of Independence for all of Vietnam. It was said by Ho himself that A people who have courageously opposed French domination for more than eighty years, a people who have fought side by side with the Allies against the Fascists during these last few years - such a people must be free and independent., this statement sums up all that Ho had worked to achieve, but hisShow MoreRelatedHo Chi Minh and The Vietnam War2039 Words   |  9 Pages The declaration of Vietnamese independence made by Ho Chi Minh in 1945 served as a milestone in what was a century-old struggle against foreign control. In its history Vietnam had spent 1000 years under control of the Chinese and had resisted this control vehemently. Revolts and rebellions against China finally lead to Vietnamese independence in the tenth century. In the thirteenth century the Vietnamese drove back Kublai Khan three times under the leadership Dao. Tran Hu ng Dao not only led theRead MoreHo Chi Minh And The Vietnam War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThere are figures in the Vietnam War, and maybe in all of history, that merit consideration as much as North Vietnamese pioneer Ho Chi Minh. In the same way, as other Vietnamese regular citizen that partook in the Vietnam War, Ho Chi Minh grew up under French royal run the show. Amid his youth, pre-adulthood, and adulthood, Ho saw the genuine harming impacts colonialism had on his nation. Disappointed with French dominion and European communism, Ho Chi Minh tried to build up a political rationalityRead MoreHo Chi Minh s Influence On The Country Of Vietnam987 Words   |  4 Pagespersistent, Ho Chi Minh s influence led to Vietnamese independence and forced major world powers to rethink military aggression against small, underdeveloped nations. Hailing from a family of well educated dissidents, his origin would form the ethics and idealism that defined his influence on the country of Vietnam. 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He was able to allege his people well, not only by using the Ahupua’a system, butRead MoreLeadership Styles of Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem Essay871 Words   |  4 Pageshistory for Vietnam all began in Geneva, Switzerland during the year 1954 in the Geneva Conference. The Geneva Accords both put an end to the Indochina War and set in motion the divide of territory in Vietnam. The Geneva Accord was an obligatory agreement stating Vietnam was to be separated at the 17th parallel, a line of separation, into two distinct territories. Vietnam was now separated into North and South Vietnam, the communist north and the south, which was anti-communist. Ho Chi Minh controlled

Profiling in Law Enforcement - 751 Words

The term profiling is defined as â€Å"the use of personal characteristics or behavior patterns to make a generalization about a person†; therefore, this refers to gender profiling. The second part of the definition also states the â€Å"use of these characteristics to determine whether a person may be engaged in illegal activity† refers to what is called racial profiling (Dictionary.com, n.d.). Profiling has been used within in law enforcement for a number of years, as it provides informational analysis for solving crimes, but unfortunately over time, profiling has become the focus of race and ethnicity. The intent of profiling was designed as a legitimate tool for law enforcement to utilize for positive reasons, but to understand why profiling has been given such a negative outlook; it must be understood that profiling can either be proactive or reactive in its use. The idea of proactive profiling is representative of making judgments about another, relative to possible criminal activity. The factors of a person’s race, manner of dress, grooming, behavioral characteristics, and the circumstances surrounding the observation of these factors plays a role in proactive profiling (Ibe, Ochie, Obiyan, 2013, p. 184). When law enforcement officials profile criminals, this valuable tool is used to focus on such things as traits and characteristics, personality, and behavior. Once the underlying factors are discovered, this information becomes divided into specific categories forShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Law Enforcements1418 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review This paper outlines the studies, incidents, facts and statistics that have found evidence of racial profiling which causes distrust in the law enforcements (police, government etc0. 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Numerous approaches can be offered for this process, but profiling is a common tactic that has aided law enforcementRead MoreEssay on Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement is Not Justified106 3 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we are children we are taught not to judge a book by its cover, for most of us this is easier said than done. Racial profiling is something that affects millions of people in the United States alone. Seemingly innocent people are being targeted solely by the color of their skin and their nationality. Whether racial profiling somebody is appropriate or not is a topic widely discussed by individuals everywhere. The question is however, is it right to judge somebody just because they look differentRead MoreRacial Profiling by Law Enforcement is Unjustifiable Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesway people perceive other individuals. Racial profiling, a term used more frequently when dealing with law enforcement, is defined as â€Å"any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion, to single out an individ ual for greater scrutiny or different treatment† (CBC). An analysis of racial profiling in Marita Golden’s After reveals aspects of invalidRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Threat Law Enforcement Tool Essay2119 Words   |  9 PagesOne issue that has been prevalent throughout the world in policing is racial profiling. This issue is highly controversial across the world because there are many people who believe racial profiling is a legitimate law enforcement tool, but there are just as many people who believe racial profiling is pure racism. Racial Profiling is using someone’s racial or ethnic characteristics to suspect someone of committing or is going to commit a crime. Since our society isn’t all just one specific type of

Bed Bath and Beyond Capital Structure Decision (HBR Case Study) free essay sample

StockmarketIntroduction Bed Bath Beyond (BBBY) was founded in 1971 by Warren Eisenberg and Leonard Feinstein. BBBY held its initial public offering in June 1992, on the NASDAQ exchange. The company utilizes the â€Å"big box† retail concept and focuses its product offerings around domestics merchandise and home furnishings. Since its IPO BBBY has been favored by equity investors and long considered one of the best performing retail companies. They have never missed an earnings estimate and have experienced a fortyfold increase in stock price from the original $17 per share IPO. The company introduced its ?  rst superstore in 1985 and have since underwent large scale expansion operating 575 stores by the end of the ? scal year 2003. BBBY also owned and operated 30 Harmon stores and 24 Christmas Tree Shops stores by 2003. (See appendix four for SWOT analysis) The Problem Bed Bath Beyond has always conducted business under the old fashioned premise that â€Å"cash is king, a nd debt is bad†. As of late their capital structure has become a big issue amongst investors. They are concerned that the current unlevered structure is not maximizing value and are wary of the risks associated with the companies large and growing cash balances. Currently BBBY is facing the issue of trying to decide wether their current capital structure is optimal moving into the future, and if not, what decisions they need to make to achieve optimization. The following analysis will outline the key factors in? uencing this decision and ultimately suggest a course of action. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 1 Case Analysis Capital Structure BBBY? s capital structure is not optimal, as BBBY has a large cash position and they do not issue any debt nor do they pay any dividends during their operation. MM proposition I states that the value of ?  m is independent to its capital structure and therefore the mix between debt and equity is irrelevant. However assumptions under the MM proposition are unrealistic in the real world, so the idea that an optimal capital structure is unattainable is discarded. Achieving the optimal capital structure depends on the mixture of debt to equity, depending on the amount of debt, it can help maximize the value of the ? rm while minimizing WACC. Another reason BBBY should consider taking on some debt is that they have more than enough cash to cover their expenses. Issuing debt can act as a positive signal to investors that they are able to make timely payments and are ? nancially stable. The tradeoff theory of capital structure states that a value-maximizing ? rm will balance the value of interest tax shields and other bene? ts of debt against the costs of bankruptcy and other costs of debt, to determine an optimal level of leverage for the ? rm (KISGEN, 2006). One potential reason why BBBY may not be taking advantage of the tax shields could be that they want to stay ? exible in the industry and avoid costs of ?nancial distress. According to Exhibit 8 from the case, Pro Forma 2003 of BBBY with 40% debt to total capital, the interest coverage ratio is 22. 519 ($644,836/28,635) and the debt to equity ratio is around 66. 67% ($636,328/954,492), which coincides with AA credit rating and the default rate, which Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 2 is 1. 31% (Exhibit 7A). From Exhibit 2 in the case, we can ? nd BBBY? s total assets on Feb. 29, 2004 ar e $2,865,023 and taking the value of 15% and the bankruptcy cost for BBBY is approximately $5629. 8 (Heitor Almeida, 2004). Meanwhile, from Exhibit 8, the taxes on Pro Forma 2003 is $237,237, which is $12,838 ($250,075-237,237) less than actual 2003, which results in the tax bene? t generated from issuing debt is -$15,797 ($12,838-28,635). It is obvious to conclude that, with the implication of tradeoff theory, the pro forma 40% debt to total capital in 2003 is not the optimal leverage ratio for BBBY. The pecking order theory argues that ? rms will generally prefer not to issue equity due to asymmetric information costs. Firms will prefer to fund projects ? rst with internal funds and then with debt, and only when internal funds have been extinguished and a ?rm has reached its debt capacity will a ? rm issue equity (KISGEN, 2006). In 2003 10-K, BBBY management con? rmed itscommitment to ongoing expansion and stated its intention to use internally generated funds to ? Nance its expansion, which clearly implies pecking order theory is rooted in BBBY capital structure, and is the reason why BBBY keeps a large cash position (Artur Raviv, 2007). Agency Theory Costs Keeping a large sum of money on hand may be advantageous in uncertain economic conditions, and ? nancial crises. However, this can lead to potential con?ict between managers who do not act in the interest of shareholders, such as empire building and over-investment problems. Debt helps discipline management because they must pay interest payments or risk bankrupting of the ? rm. It also helps reduce Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 3 wasteful investments as manager have less cash on hand to invest, in other words managers must be careful how they use the money of the ? rm. Debt creates a con? ict of interest between the shareholders and creditors though, such as the possibility of expropriating wealth from creditors to shareholders and the underinvestment problem so this must be monitored. The Cost of Financial Distress Debt BBBY? s current cost of ? nancial distress is essentially zero because they have no debt on their books. The bond class default rate of AAA bonds to BBB bonds, 0. 52% and 6. 64% respectively, were used to estimate default rates based on different capital structures. The most problematic key ratio on the list is BBBY? s â€Å"operating income to sales† at roughly 14%, which is low for the industry (see Appendix one for more details), and the highest and most consistent ratio was their EBIT and EBITDA interest coverage ratios, which are considered to be the two most important ratios. With this in mind, the default rates outlined (see Appendix one) should be a close estimate of what BBBY would face when they take on debt. Direct costs associated with ? nancial distress are historically small. The indirect costs, such as loss of suppliers, customer, and leases can be quite substantial. Using the high side of an industry estimate, 20% of total assets, to reasonably account for what BBBY could lose due to ? nancial distress. For the optimal D/E ratio of 0. 60 we have a present value of ? nancial distress equal to $127,432,000 and a present value of tax shield of $400,362,000. As we move to a higher D/E ratio we see the marginal cost of ? nancial distress and marginal bene? t of the tax shield converge. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 4 Repurchasing Shares The decision to repurchase shares and take on debt is overall positive news to the shareholder? s. They will receive a special repurchase capital gain and enjoy an increased upside on returns due to the increased beta of the company. The total capital structure of the company shifts from being totally equity funded to being 38% Debt and 62% Equity ($600 Million and $990 Million respectively). This also improves the WACC from 33. 75% to 28. 85% (see Appendix one), which will allow Bed Bath and Beyond to take on lower positive NPV projects and increase their options. Earnings per share (Appendix two) will improve due to the share buyback and the net income reducing effect of the new interest expense. Return on assets also improves due to the reduction in cash used to fund the share repurchase. The overall value of the ? rm will improve as the new tax shields that were generated outweigh the cost of ? nancial distress that faces them, from taking on the 600 million in debt. In Conclusion We would suggest Bed Bath Beyond do a mixture of two things: 1) Issue debt in the amount of 600 million dollars 2) Hold a one-time share repurchase of 1 billion dollars (approximately 27 million shares) ? nanced by 400 million in cash and 600 million from the proceeds of the debt issue. 3) Assume an optimal capital structure of 60% debt/equity. It is our belief that this will be the best method for BBBY moving into the future. The one time large scale share buyback would improve the WACC and boost the EPS by decreasing the amount of shares outstanding. The market value of the ? rm would Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 5 increase and at the 60% ratio the value of the tax shield gained by issuing debt will far outweigh the cost of ? nancial distress. (See Appendix Three) Their old way of making ? nancial decisions has served them well in the past and has consistently made BBBY one of the top performing retail companies. But as times change businesses must adapt and evolve to meet demands of markets and investors. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 6 Works Cited Artur Raviv, T. T. (2007, 4 1). Bed Bath Beyond: The Capital Structure Decision.

Studying English Language Essay Example

Studying English Language Essay 1. Studying English language in an English-speaking country is the best but not the only way to learn the language. Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Some people believe that the students have to go abroad to study English while other people claim that beside learning English in an English-speaking country, there are a number of ways to study this language. I am strongly persuaded by the latter idea by the following reasons. First of all, it cannot be denied that learning English in an English-speaking country have many advantages. While overseas, students will have opportunities to practice listening and speaking with British people, which is conducive to the development in using language. Moreover, by dint of living in foreign countries, students can also experience the culture first-hand (have first-hand experience in foreign culture), which is a great help when trying to understand the language. For example, living with the native family will provide the students opportunities to discover about new cultures and customs. Besides this, if student attend language full time, teachers will be native speakers. In that case, not only will student’ speaking and listening skills improve but the attention can be given to develop reading and writing skills. However, the fact has shown that, most students in non-English-speaking countries often study English at secondary schools, sometimes at universities. Although the spoken English is not usually of a very high standard, the knowledge in grammar is often quite advanced, which will be good basics to perfect language ability in the future. It is obvious that the more technical science upgraded the more ways students can approach the knowledge worldwide without going abroad. We will write a custom essay sample on Studying English Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Studying English Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Studying English Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Equally important, learning English basics at secondary school is much less stressful than studying language while overseas. The statistics have shown that students’ living at home does not have to worry about troubles such as finding accommodation, paying for their study and living cost and trying to survive in a foreign country where day to day the living course much stress. In brief, while going abroad is a good way to approach the native language, studying at home also become more and more useful to enhance the English abilities especially in the basic skills.

The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Research Paper Example

The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Research Paper Example The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Paper The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Although there are many hazards on a physical geographic scale associated with volcanic eruptions, it is important not to neglect the havoc which also engulfs the social and economic world. Both social and economic effects occur on a spatial and temporal scale causing significant repercussions in a regional, national and even a global context. It is not only the initial eruption but the continuous secondary hazards, such as, lahars, pyroclastic flows and tsunamis that have the major impact on economic and social structures. It is these factors that are responsible for the great social losses in the sense of belonging and society, the human loss of life and the huge economic losses incurred from damaged infrastructures, business interactions and the general cost of re-building. It is therefore ironic that these great economic and social impacts often affect the most vulnerable people in the world. Global Economic Pressures The pattern of financial interactions between the industrialised North and Third World has significantly changed in the light of decolonisation. Demand in both agricultural and mineral exports dependant to many Third World countries has steadily declined, whereas imports have maintained high price rates, often leading countries to incur significant foreign debts. For example, Africa debt servicing amounts to approximately 40-50% of export earnings (ROAPE, 1990). Outcomes to such economic crisis and pressures has resulted in, on one hand, the intensification of natural resource exportation leading to further forestry and soil degradation, thus increasing natural disaster vulnerability (Tierney, 1992). On the other hand, reduction in public spending results in inadequate facilities; education, hospital welfare and safe infrastructures which are able to cope with natural disasters. Increase in vulnerability of a significant proportion of the urban population to natural disasters. This results from the fact that property owners faced with such high mortgage interest rates simply ignore maintenance. (Ford, 1987) Social Aspects vulnerability to hazard warnings Although there have been several successful evacuations through effective warning schemes, e.g., Mt Pinatubo, Mt Etna, a number of serious social negative effects may also result. Within these areas many sick and elderly people died due to the communal camp living conditions present in the evacuation areas. Cyclonic rainfall compounded volcanic ash falls exacerbating the unhealthy living conditions. In other cases panic evacuation along with the threat of blighted property and falling price values also affect the social matrix of the target area. Consequently, the risk of legal action can even make prediction in such areas politically unacceptable. It has often been argued that mass and total evacuation could constitute a disaster with a greater impact than that of a natural phenomenon. It has been stated that traffic problems and accidents could occur on a Herculean scale, crime and looting, great economic loss and an acute difficulty in maintaining public services on a regional and national basis could occur in addition to the increased risk to public health. In particular risks to public health would typically affect the displaced population, often through inadequate sanitation, the psychiatric stress of uncertainty and anxiety. Consequently great social and economic problems are often incurred. This is often exacerbated in evacuation situations and when predictions are subsequently wrong. For example, in 1976 73000 people were evacuated from the Caribbean Island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. They remained displaced for a three and a half month period resulting in huge economic losses and great social strain on both the population and government. The volcano never erupted with only minor activity observed (Blong, 1984). In contrast, the products from volcanic eruptions can be highly beneficial to society (fertile soils). In 1992, Cerro Negro erupted near Leon in Nicaragua. A thick layer of ash was subsequently deposited giving rise to economic concerns involving agricultural practices. However, within 10 months farmers were reaping the benefits of bumper harvests (Baxter, 1993). Such benefits consequently constitute an extremely powerful social and economic force. In fact it has been suggested that people inhabiting these high-risk zones for such natural benefits are gamblers by nature. Policy Response and Mitigation On a positive note volcanic disasters can be used to change unjust social and economic structures. Popular development organisations can capitalise on a disaster event to challenge and possibly change vulnerable, unjust political, social and economic structures; Disasters will often set up a dynamic in which social structures can be overturned, and relief and rehabilitation judiciously applied can help change the status quo; while projects will be the models will be the models in micro-cosm that can be used to demonstrate to government the possibilities of a variety of ways of working. (Holloway, 1989) Secondly, Andersons and Woodrows (1989) notion of rising from the ashes depicts the strengthening of local institutions and the increased capability of families to reduce their own vulnerability. Is just as much a product of socio-economic factors as technical ones. The best hope for a communities recovery in a disaster is to have a history of strong organisation; it is to this end that local institutions must direct their efforts. (Dudley, 1988) Thirdly, disasters provide an opportunity to develop effective risk assessment with good cost-benefit arguments for protective measures. For example, In La Paz, Bolivia the World Bank has been offering encouragement to the Local Authorities. They calculated that disaster prevention would cost approximately US$ 500 000 in 1987 and a total of US$2.5 million (US$2.50 per capita) was needed. This amount in cost alone is greatly exceeded by annual losses incurred through natural disasters (estimated as being US$8 per capita). Therefore with this minimal level of funding, disaster mitigation could be both affordable and cost-effective to La-Pazs needs (Plessis-Fraissard, 1989) In conclusion, the impact of volcanic eruptions will only be minimised when decision-makers become more educated and aware that there is no such thigh as a natural disaster; at most, there is a conjuncture of certain physical happenings and certain social happenings.

To compare leadership styles and management styles of three Essay

To compare leadership styles and management styles of three universities in The USA and also to explore the gradual changes on management styles - Essay Example The theoretical framework of this study will anchor on various theories of organizational management. The theories shall be considered in terms of how they affect matters of policy and practice of management in the identified institutions. Case reviews on matters of educational management have revealed changing trends in leadership and management across the globe (Bush, 2010, p. 45). There is evidence of a determined shift from the traditional systems of leadership and management, which were more rigid as compared to the current ones that seem to be more flexible. The traditional systems mainly involved a vertical structure in leadership, wherein the leadership was at the top, making important policy and administrative decisions that affected the operations at all levels of the universities administration (Bush, 2010). Educational institutions that adopted exclusivist policies of leadership favored this system. The current systems have evolved to embrace horizontal structures of leadership where policy matters and decision-making are handled at multiple points of the organization’s structure (McCaffery, 2010). These more developed kinds of leadership and management entail some aspect of devolution where power i s distributed evenly across various academic institutions. Both systems have important strengths and weaknesses. The increasing clamor for liberties and the advocacy for rights of the minorities have had significant impact on the levels and nature of leadership in American universities (Bush & Coleman, 2000). Gender and ethnicity are some of the factors that have been brought within the umbrella of the management and leadership structures of American universities (McCaffery, 2010). Such leadership styles have impacted positively on the nature of leadership by embracing certain qualities that are essentially aimed towards

H.J.Heinz Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

H.J.Heinz Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example The paper shall examine these with specific reference to the initiatives launched by the company and recommendations will be given about the issues that can be changed within the company. Heinz has established a name for themselves in the food industry through their pricing strategies. Usually, the company studies markets in its respective environs and then looks for a way in which it can stay ahead of that competition. Their prices are normally sufficient enough to attract clientele, while at the same time maintaining a level of profitability and competition within its respective regions. Numerous marketers acknowledge the fact that when sufficient value has been added onto a product, then its pricing becomes a secondary factor in convincing clients to purchase the item. For instance Heinz ketchups contain additional ingredients such as garlic and other flavours that can be used to enhance its overall taste and hence its value. This is the reason why consumers became loyal to the brand. In addition to the latter, pricing is also largely determined by the strength of the brand. For instance, when one considers some of the goods offered by the company, it can be seen that some of them may be much higher than what their competitors sell them for. However, because of the strong brand name, some people who are loyal to the Heinz brand may be willing to pay a little extra for the commodity as long as it comes from the H. J. Heinz food company. (Grant, 2005) Heinz pricing strategies are also largely affected by their geographical proximities. For instance, the largest pickle manufacturing Heinz factory is located in its headquarters within the United States. Consequently, some countries that may be in need of this product but are far from the United States will have to include the additional costs that come along with shipment and the like. Heinz usually incorporates a lot of in-store discounting in its product offering. Most of the time, this is done through a range of grocery stores or it also deals with a series of hyper stores too. The company realises that in order to boost their sales at the last point of contact with the consumer, there is a need for one to establish a mechanism that will encourage this kind of initiative. (Balakrishnana & Coyne, 1995) Perhaps the most important aspect in Heinz's marketing strategy is the strength of its products. First of all, Heinz is largely known for its "fifty-seven-varieties" advertisement and logos. The company has invested thoroughly in offering a range of food items such as pickles, sour onions, tomato sauce and many other varieties. The number fifty seven does not signify the exact number of products available under the Heinz name because these products are much more than this. However, the number is meant to indicate just how diverse the company's product offerings are and also, to capture consumer's attention. (Mc Gahan, 2004) The major strategy behind Heinz's product strategy over the past three years has been to streamline their product offering. The company realized that in order to offer better quality products, it would be more helpful for them if they categorised their items. This was the reason why the company decided to offer all their products under three major brands that included; Sauces Ketchups Baby food Convenience meals The company was determined to grow this category by buying out other companies that had specialised in some of their weak categories such as the

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Majority of these stores are found in America, and the number is 12,218 stores. China is also a lucrative market for Starbucks, and the company has opened 1,330 stores. Starbucks offers products such as cold or hot beverage, coffee, pastries, snacks, etc (Pahl, 2008). This means that the company has diversified, and this is through the many services it offers. Initially, the main reason for the formation of Starbucks was to sale the coffee drink (Simon, 2009). This diversification strategy of Starbucks is also seen when the company decided to offer wines, beer and appetizers. The target markets of these products are people who want to relax in the evenings. Pahl (2008) explains that some of the products of Starbucks are found within a particular location, and this is mainly because it offers some services and products at specific seasons. These products have also been designed, to serve a specific market. Starbucks does not only sale its coffee, in its stores, but it also sales them at various retailing organizations, and grocery stores (Pahl, 2008). Through this strategy, it is the intention of Starbucks to reach a large market base. Organizational culture is generally the unique combination of values, norms, morals, beliefs, and techniques or ways of behavior that characterizes the way individuals or large groups of individuals combine to have things done in an organization (Gurski, 2013). Schultz & Gordon (2011) explains that organizational culture is the norms and activities that people are able to engage with, within the organization. Through this definition, we are able to know that organizational culture is the internal environment of an organization, which regulates then manner which people within the organization are able to interact with one another, and other stakeholders of then organization (Michelli, 2007). Culture is very important in every company, for example

Reflecting on the Dead Essay -- essays research papers fc

Reflecting on the Dead In Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"The Garden Party† and in D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† two women were in a situation where death was literally at their feet. In â€Å"The Garden Party,† Laura finds herself contemplating the dead body of Mr. Scott, a man of lower class who lived at the bottom of the hill from her house. In â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† Elizabeth finds herself contemplating the dead body of her husband, Walter. Although the relationships these women shared with the dead men were completely opposite, they both had striking similarities in the ways that they handled the situation. Both women ignored the feelings of the families of the deceased, failed to refer to the deceased by name, felt shame in the presence of the deceased and both had a life and death epiphany. Although Laura and Elizabeth were in two similar yet very different situations, they both had contemplated the dead men, acted in similar ways, fel t similar emotions and both ended up having an epiphany regarding life and death at the end of the story. No real concern was shown in either story for family members of the dead. In fact the only concern shown by Laura and Elizabeth was only concern for themselves. In â€Å"The Garden Party,† Laura did not once show any consideration for Mr. Scott’s family. Even in the presence of the widow and her sister, Laura never mentioned anything about feeling sorry for them about their loss. The most concern shown for Mr. Scott’s family was before a party that her family was throwing when she questioned, â€Å"what the band would sound like to that poor woman† (Mansfield 2429). Laura also never showed concern for Mr. Scott’s children. Her reference to Mr. Scott’s wife and children as the â€Å"poor woman and those little children† (Mansfield 2430), was the only sympathy the widow and her family received from her. Laura seemed only concerned with how â€Å"terribly nervous† she was and that she was being watched with â€Å"staring eyes† (Mansfield 2432). She didn’t even acknowledge that Mr. Scott had a family that was suffering. Elizabeth, in â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† lacked the same condolence. Unlike Laura, this was her own family she lacked sympathy for. She never expressed any responsibilty about how her children were going to handle the loss of their father. At the end of the story is the only time Elizabeth expressed concern for her children ... ..., but Laura saw a beauty in death which helped her to see the beauty of life. Elizabeth realized the frightening possibility that life was just an immediate placement and that her reality resided in death. Even though Laura and Elizabeth were uncompassionate towards the families, failed to call the deceased by their names, felt shame and had a life and death epiphany, both women had different stances and reasons concerning their actions. The relationship and the personal or social difference that Laura and Elizabeth shared with the dead men were all factors in how they acted, reacted and lastly how these affected the epiphany that the two women experienced throughout and at the end of these stories. Works Cited Lawrence, D.H. â€Å"The Odour of Chrysanthemums.† The Norton Anthology of English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2316-2330. Mansfield, Katherine. â€Å"The Garden Party.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Norton Anthology of English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2423-2433.

Beautillion & church and school

When I look back unto my life, I find that it has – short as it may be – so far been a good one. Divided between church and school, and backed up by my home, I understand quite well that I am luckier than most youths my age. I don't do drugs – beyond the legally allowed ones, such as coffee – I don't drink. I don't have an unstable situation is my household, nor am I close to a dropout, as many youths are.I've found God and was able to implement Him into my life as an advisor and someone to talk to on an everyday basis. I don't meet with discrimination much, not more than any of my peers.And yet I find there is something left unfulfilled in my life. So I look back upon myself and the places I inhabit, and recollect, to move forward with the improved knowledge of myself. My home has always been good to me. I have always had a great relationship with my parents, who were an inspiration for the many things I do. Without their support, I would never have been able to gather the determination to study the saxophone long enough to be an active member in a marching band. They are also the ones who taught me compassion and to look at the elderly in a different, kind light.This has led to one of the most enjoyable experiences of my life: using my ability to create music to help the elderly in their retirement homes. This is a daily school of tolerance and kindness for me, and I can with all honesty say that I have learned much from them and with their help. My parents have also always been there for me, through thick and thin, and for that I am eternally grateful. School is a very important part of my life. It gives me the information I need to live well. I am a good student, my grades are above average, but the more I learn, the more I see that education I am getting is really rather basic.Since I study more than I am supposed to by normal school standards, I can see that there is much more to be learned than high school gives us. There are obvious gaps in our education, and I think they create part of the problems this country is having. I try to alleviate the unfortunate side effects of early specialization through my own efforts, but this is rather difficult. I can only hope that when I get into college the situation will be somewhat amended by the possibility of free research and the aid of experienced scholars.Still, school is a great learning experience for me, because, even despite the lack of serious understanding of the natural and social sciences, it is a great place to adapt to adult life and learn how to gradually take responsibility. I try to make the most of school, but am anxious to gain the greater opportunities of college. My church life is a good one, as well. I am a Baptist, and love my congregation for the principle of sola scriptura. Every single Baptist must think for himself and commune with God directly.I know I have a living, personal God looking after me, and I confide in him. When I look at m embers of other confessions I feel sadness, because I know that very many of them are mistaken and are led down the darker paths of life, and quite possibly into the bowels of Satan. I try to help them best I can, through intelligently questioning them on their morality and faith in God. I try not to act too strongly in my desire to help, as many people consider such actions an infringement of their personal space, even though I am simply demonstrating how Baptism helps in living a good life.However, I am happy in the lap of my Church, and I try to lead others to it by example. After all, if we do not help these people, who will tell them that they are in the grave danger of sin? I take pride in getting the chance to help those who strayed from Jesus’s flock. My life may seem perfect from this essay. I am very well-rounded education-wise; I have a good home, and a direct hotline with God. Yet there is something always left unfulfilled. I do not mean the failures of life †“ those I have long learned to accept and to listen to as mere messages.Perfection is lonely, and, though I have most anything I really want, I do not know what to desire further. I have reached a stage in personal development when just helping myself is not enough. A new need opens up in me, slowly and steadily. It is the need to help others. What use is there for good in my own life if my best friend is troubled? How worthy am I if my mother cries at night, for any reason? These questions haunt me constantly, and drive to begin a new stage – life as a servant to the people.

Importance of Court Case of Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu v. United States was a Supreme Court case that was decided on December 18, 1944, at the end of World War II. It involved the legality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered many Japanese-Americans to be placed in internment camps during the war. Fast Facts: Korematsu v. United States Case Argued: Oct. 11–12, 1944Decision Issued: Dec. 18, 1944Petitioner: Fred Toyosaburo KorematsuRespondent: United StatesKey Question: Did the president and Congress go beyond their war powers by restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?Majority Decision: Black, Stone,  Reed,  Frankfurter,  Douglas, RutledgeDissenting: Roberts, Murphy, JacksonRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that the security of the United States was more important than upholding the rights of a single racial group during a time of military  emergency. Facts of Korematsu v. United States In 1942, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, allowing the U.S. military to declare parts of the U.S. as military areas and thereby exclude specific groups of people from them. The practical application was that many Japanese-Americans were forced from their homes and placed in internment camps during World War II. Frank Korematsu (1919–2005), a U.S.-born man of Japanese descent, knowingly defied the order to be relocated and  was arrested and convicted. His case went to the Supreme Court, where it was decided that exclusion orders based on Executive Order 9066 were in fact Constitutional. Therefore, his conviction was upheld. The Courts Decision The decision in the Korematsu v. United States case was complicated and, many might argue, not without contradiction. While the Court acknowledged that citizens were being denied their constitutional rights, it also declared that the Constitution allowed for such restrictions.  Justice Hugo Black wrote in the decision that all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect. He also wrote that Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions. In essence, the Court majority decided that the security of the general citizenry of the US was more important than upholding the rights of a single racial group, during this time of military  emergency. Dissenters in the Court, including Justice Robert Jackson, argued that Korematsu had committed no crime, and therefore there were no grounds for restricting his civil rights. Robert also warned that the majority decision would have much more lasting and potentially damaging effects than Roosevelts executive order. The order would likely be lifted after the war, but the Courts decision would establish a precedent for denying rights of citizens if the current powers that be determine such action to be of urgent need.   Significance of Korematsu v. United States The Korematsu decision was significant because it ruled that the United States government had the right to exclude and forcibly move people from designated areas based on their race. The decision was 6-3 that the need to protect the United States from espionage and other wartime acts was more important than Korematsus individual rights. Even though Korematsus conviction was eventually overturned in 1983, the ​Korematsu ruling concerning the creation of exclusion orders has never been overturned.​​ Korematsus Critique of Guantanamo   In 2004, at the age of 84, Frank Korematsu filed an amicus curiae, or friend of the court, brief in support of Guantanamo detainees who were fighting against being held as enemy combatants by the Bush Administration. He argued in his brief that the case was â€Å"reminiscent† of what had happened in the past, where the government too quickly took away individual civil liberties in the name of national security. Was Korematsu Overturned?  Hawaii v. Trump In 2017, President Donald Trump used Executive Order 13769, putting in place a ban on foreign nationals entry to the country using a facially neutral policy that predominantly impacts Muslim-majority nations. The court case Hawaii v. Trump reached the Supreme Court in June, 2018. The case was likened to Korematsu by lawyers for the litigants including Neal Katyal and by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, on the basis of a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the U.S. because the policy now masquerades behind a facade of national-security concerns. In the midst of his decision with regard to Hawaii vs Trump—upholding the travel ban—Chief Justice John Roberts offered a powerful rebuke to Korematsu, The dissent’s reference to Korematsu... affords this Court the opportunity to make express what is already obvious: Korematsu was gravely wrong the day it was decided, has been overruled in the court of history, and—to be clear—has no place in law under the Constitution.   Despite the discussion in both assenting and dissenting arguments over Hawaii vs. Trump, the Korematu decision has not been officially overturned.   Sources and Further Reading Bomboy, Scott. Did the Supreme Court just overrule the Korematsu decision?  Constitution Daily, June 26, 2018.  Chemerinsky, Erwin. Korematsu V. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated. Pepperdine Law Review 39 (2011).  Hashimoto, Dean Masaru. The Legacy of Korematsu V. United States: A Dangerous Narrative Retold. UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal 4 (1996): 72–128.  Katyal, Neal Kumar. Trump V. Hawaii: How the Supreme Court Simultaneously Overturned and Revived Korematsu. Yale Law Journal Forum 128 (2019): 641–56.  Serrano, Susan Kiyomi , and Dale Minami. Korematsu V. United States: A Constant Caution in a Time of Crisis. Asian Law Journal 10.37 (2003): 37–49.  Yamamoto, Eric K. In the Shadow of Korematsu: Democratic Liberties and National Security. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.